Which of the following factors could lead to transformer failure?

Transformers are crucial components in electrical distribution systems, and their failure can arise from various factors. Each of the considerations listed contributes to potential failures in different ways.

Improper insulation is a critical factor because the insulation material around the transformer windings is essential for preventing short circuits and facilitating the flow of electricity without leakage. If the insulation degrades due to age, exposure to moisture, or manufacturing defects, it can lead to electrical faults and transformer failure.

Overloading refers to the transformer handling more current than its rated capacity for an extended period. This excessive load can cause overheating, which can damage internal components and lead to failure. Continuously running a transformer beyond its rated capacity accelerates wear and thermal stress, increasing the likelihood of a malfunction.

High ambient temperatures can also negatively impact transformer performance. Transformers are designed to operate within a specific temperature range, and high ambient temperatures can lead to reduced efficiency, increased resistance, and accelerated aging of insulation materials. Additionally, it can exacerbate the effects of overloading.

The correct answer encompasses all these factors, highlighting that each one plays a significant role in the likelihood of transformer failure. Understanding the interplay between these issues helps in preventative maintenance and operational strategies to prolong the life of transformers in the electrical grid.